His desire to continually and unapologetically turn the internal to the outside resulted in a body of work that not only evolved the concepts of Surrealism and psychoanalysis on a worldwide visual platform but also modeled permission for people to embrace their selves in all our human glory, warts and all. In post-war New York, these concepts were incorporated and transformed by Abstract Expressionists who used Surrealist techniques of automatism to express the subconscious through art, only now through gesture and color.
This could later be seen in artists like Yoko Ono. Andy Warhol would go on to concoct his own persona, environment and entourage in much the same way as would countless other 20 th -century artists. In today's social-media landscape, artists are almost expected to be visibly and socially just as interesting as their art work.
His exhaustive endeavors into fields ranging from fine art to fashion to jewelry to retail and theater design positioned him as a prolific businessman as well as creator. Today this practice is so common that we find great architects like Frank Gehry designing special rings and necklaces for Tiffany or innovators like John Baldessari lending his images to skateboard decks. Content compiled and written by The Art Story Contributors.
Edited and published by The Art Story Contributors. The Art Story. Overview and Artworks. Overview and Artworks Biography. Luis Bunuel. Man Ray. Whatever the critics thought, the public adored Dali, who also was a decorator, fashion and jewelry designer and author.
A major retrospective in attracted more than a million visitors in Paris and , in London. Francisco Franco, who won the war and ruled Spain for 36 years. With a loan from Picasso in , Dali made his first trip to the United States with Gala Dimitrovna Diaharoff, the Russian-born woman who became his companion, muse and the touchstone of his personality and life.
She met Dali in when she and her husband, French surrealist poet Paul Eluard, visited the painter at his seaside home in northeastern Spain. They had no children; Dali said geniuses always produced mediocre children.
Without her, everything would be over. They were married in , six years after the death of her husband, Paul Eluard, a French surrealist poet. In New York, the nude of Gala with the lamb chops quickly made him the talk of the town. Dali returned to Spain--his reputation and the selling price of his paintings rising in his wake--and did a series of beach scenes that the critics found notable for their lyricism, as well as some works influenced by his increasing interest in German romanticism.
But with the coming of the Spanish Civil War--he avoided taking sides--Dali began to spend more time in Italy and France, and soon the influence of the Renaissance masters and l7th-Century baroque painters became evident in his paintings.
Undaunted, Dali proceeded on his two fronts. On a more commercial front, Dali was busier than ever. He created fashions in collaboration with Chanel and Schiaparelli; he designed furniture, jewelry and china and did drawings for magazine covers and advertisements to promote perfumes and hosiery.
The year was a banner one for Dali at his commercial worst. The panels could be turned around and replaced by the screen for in-flight movies. A month later, Dali was in New York for a press conference with, of all people, the surrealistic rock star of the day, Alice Cooper.
Dali in a interview scoffed at the charges of commercialism. Secretaries and agents, and their cronies, milked the old man for all he was worth, mismanaging and looting, selling copyright and reproduction rights to Dali works all over the world with much of the profit going into their own pockets.
Dali could and did sign more than 1, an hour, according to one associate. With the help of friends, Dali later managed to shake a long period of depression that followed the death of his beloved Gala and got his financial and mental houses in order.
The ailing artist suffered another setback with the fire that swept through his home near Figueras--Pubol Castle, as it was known. Dali was badly burned, leaving friends to fear for a time that the end was near for the eccentric genius.
But, somehow, Dali hung on to life and slowly recovered from the burns. The fact that he chose to live in Spain while it was ruled by Franco drew criticism from progressives and from many other artists.
As such, it is probable that the common dismissal of Dali's later works by some Surrealists and art critics was related partially to politics rather than to the artistic merit of the works themselves. Late in his career, Dali did not confine himself to painting, but experimented with many unusual or novel media and processes: he made bulletist works and was among the first artists to employ holography in an artistic manner. Several of his works incorporate optical illusions. In his later years, young artists such as Roy Lichtenstein proclaimed Dali an important influence on pop art.
Dali also had a keen interest in natural science and mathematics. This is manifested in several of his paintings, notably in the s, in which he painted his subjects as composed of rhinoceros horns. According to Dali, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a logarithmic spiral. He also linked the rhinoceros to themes of chastity and to the Virgin Mary. Dali was also fascinated by DNA and the hypercube a 4-dimensional cube ; an unfolding of a hypercube is featured in the painting Crucifixion Corpus Hypercubus.
Dali's post-World War II period bore the hallmarks of technical virtuosity and an interest in optical illusions, science, and religion. He became an increasingly devout Catholic, while at the same time he had been inspired by the shock of Hiroshima and the dawning of the "atomic age".
Therefore Dali labeled this period "Nuclear Mysticism. In , Dali began work on the Dali Theatre and Museum in his home town of Figueres; it was his largest single project and the main focus of his energy through He continued to make additions through the mids. In , Dali filmed a television advertisement for Lanvin chocolates, and in , he designed the Chupa Chups logo.
Also in , he was responsible for creating the advertising aspect of the Eurovision Song Contest and created a large metal sculpture that stood on the stage at the Teatro Real in Madrid. In , Dali's health took a catastrophic turn. His near-senile wife, Gala, allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system, thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity. At 76 years old, Dali was a wreck, and his right hand trembled terribly, with Parkinson-like symptoms.
The title was in first instance hereditary, but on request of Dali changed for life only in To show his gratitude for this, Dali later gave the king a drawing Head of Europa, which would turn out to be Dali's final drawing after the king visited him on his deathbed. Gala died on June 10, After Gala's death, Dali lost much of his will to live. He deliberately dehydrated himself, possibly as a suicide attempt, or possibly in an attempt to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do.
In , a fire broke out in his bedroom under unclear circumstances. It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dali, or possibly simple negligence by his staff. In any case, Dali was rescued and returned to Figueres, where a group of his friends, patrons, and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater-Museum in his final years.
There have been allegations that Dali was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later, even after his death, be used in forgeries and sold as originals. As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dali. In November , Dali entered the hospital with heart failure, and on December 5, was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dali.
On January 23, , while his favorite record of Tristan and Isolde played, he died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84, and, coming full circle, is buried in the crypt of his Teatro Museo in Figueres.
0コメント