What is the difference between strain and elongation

For example, materials with high elongation — i. For fabrication processes, knowing this property is essential for implementing quality control metrics.

For material and manufacturing engineers, such properties are studied in order to assess material weakness and limitations for improvement and exploration of alternatives [4]. We connect engineers, product designers and procurement teams with the best materials and suppliers for their job. Accept all Open cookie settings.

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Matmatch Partners. Elongation usually refers to strain under load at failure point. Study guides. Workplace Health and Safety 24 cards. What are the regulations that affect how you should be treated at work. What materials equipment and tools can be re-used. What procedure and format can you use for making suggestions for improvements. What is the importance of maintaining effective working relationships within the workplace.

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Internodal elongation is stimulated by? Shear Strain. When a force acts perpendicular or "normal" to the surface of an object, it exerts a normal stress. When a force acts parallel to the surface of an object, it exerts a shear stress. Let's consider a rod under uniaxial tension. The rod elongates under this tension to a new length, and the normal strain is a ratio of this small deformation to the rod's original length. Strain is a unitless measure of how much an object gets bigger or smaller from an applied load.

Normal strain occurs when the elongation of an object is in response to a normal stress i. A positive value corresponds to a tensile strain, while negative is compressive.

Shear strain occurs when the deformation of an object is response to a shear stress i. Clearly, stress and strain are related. Stress and strain are related by a constitutive law , and we can determine their relationship experimentally by measuring how much stress is required to stretch a material.

This measurement can be done using a tensile test. In the simplest case, the more you pull on an object, the more it deforms, and for small values of strain this relationship is linear.

This linear, elastic relationship between stress and strain is known as Hooke's Law. If you plot stress versus strain, for small strains this graph will be linear, and the slope of the line will be a property of the material known as Young's Elastic Modulus. This value can vary greatly from 1 kPa for Jello to GPa for steel.

In this course, we will focus only on materials that are linear elastic i. From Hooke's law and our definitions of stress and strain, we can easily get a simple relationship for the deformation of a material. Intuitively, this exam makes a bit of sense: apply more load, get a larger deformation; apply the same load to a stiffer or thicker material, get less deformation.

If the structure changes shape, or material, or is loaded differently at various points, then we can split up these multiple loadings using the principle of superposition. Generalized Hooke's Law In the last lesson, we began to learn about how stress and strain are related — through Hooke's law.

But, up until this point we've only considered a very simplified version of Hooke's law: we've only talked about stress or strain in one direction. In this lesson, we're going to consider the generalized Hooke's law for homogenous , isotropic , and elastic materials being exposed to forces on more than one axis.

First things first, even just pulling or pushing on most materials in one direction actually causes deformation in all three orthogonal directions. Let's go back to that first illustration of strain.

This time, we will account for the fact that pulling on an object axially causes it to compress laterally in the transverse directions:. This property of a material is known as Poisson's ratio , and it is denoted by the Greek letter nu , and is defined as:.

Or, more mathematically, using the axial load shown in the above image, we can write this out as an equation:. Since Poisson's ratio is a ratio of two strains, and strain is dimensionless, Poisson's ratio is also unitless.

Poisson's ratio is a material property. Poisson's ratio can range from a value of -1 to 0. For most engineering materials, for example steel or aluminum have a Poisson's ratio around 0. Incompressible simply means that any amount you compress it in one direction, it will expand the same amount in it's other directions — hence, its volume will not change. Physically, this means that when you pull on the material in one direction it expands in all directions and vice versa :.

Through Poisson's ratio, we now have an equation that relates strain in the y or z direction to strain in the z direction.